a) Computers typically do not implement integer subtractiondirectly, but instead using addition and negation. To accomplishnegation, they often use the formula −x = (x ˆ 11…1) + 1, whichcan be
implemented using bitwise XOR and addition. The string 11…1 hererepresents the all 1’s string of length n, where n is the width ofthe CPU. The addition is done modulo 2n. Verify that −x ≡ (x ˆ11…1) + 1 (mod 2n) for n = 4 and x = 3. Show your work.
b) The standard way of notating negative numbers in English issign and magnitude. Basically, put a minus sign in front of
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