The Critical Importance of Administrative Doctrine
All organizations are guided by a doctrine of management that reflects basic values. The first administrative doctrine was that contained in the brutality of military discipline: ‘Do this or die.” Indeed one of the main reasons officers traditionally carried pistols was to shoot their own men if they were not sufficiently enthusiastic about obeying an order-especially one involving great danger. As Edward Gibbon wrote in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776), “It was an inflexible maxim of Roman discipline that a good soldier should dread his own officers far more than the
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