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Independent variables are the variables that are manipulated by a researcher in an experimental study in order to determine their relationship to an observed phenomenon. Dependent variables are the outcomes variables, which take on various values in response to the independent variables. An extraneous variable can influence the relationship between independent and dependent variables. It can be controlled either through statistical procedures or research design (Schmidt, 2018).

Extraneous variables are a challenge to both the internal and external validity of the experiment. Two ways researchers try to